Labour and gender

Definition

Percentage of the female population aged 15-24 economically active: all people who offer labour on the market for the production of goods and services in a given period.

Sources

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST); b) Istat for Italy

Methodology

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST) - Labour market indicators are estimated using a set of models that establish statistical relationships between the observed labour market indicators and the explanatory variables. To fill in the missing data, linear interpolation is used for the countries for which this procedure is possible; This produces accurate and low-variance estimates, which is not surprising, given that such a indicator is a very persistent variable. In all other cases, a weighted multivariate estimate is made. The countries are divided into nine esteem groups, chosen on the basis of broad economic similarity and geographical proximity. Given the structure of the data and the heterogeneity between the countries covered by the input data, the model was specified using panel data with fixed effects per country. Regressions are weighted by the inverse of the probability of availability of a labour force survey. The explanatory variables used include economic and demographic variables. To produce the estimates for 2020, a cross-validation approach is used to select the model that minimizes the forecast error in that specific year. b) Istat (for Italy) - The data are collected with the Labour Force Survey, a sample survey conducted through interviews with households; The main objective is to estimate the aggregates that make up the labour supply: employed and jobseekers.

Notes

National data on labour force participation rates may not be comparable due to differences in concepts and methodologies. The most important factor affecting the comparability of data is the source of the data itself. Labour force data obtained from population censuses are often based on a limited number of questions about individuals' economic characteristics, with little scope for sampling. The resulting data are therefore generally not consistent with the corresponding labour force survey data and may vary considerably from one country to another, depending on the number and type of questions included in the census. Censuses and surveys of local units can, by their nature, only provide data on the employed population, excluding the unemployed and, in many countries, also excluding workers engaged in small production units or in the informal economy who do not fall within the scope of the survey or census. For international comparisons of labour force data, the most comprehensive source is undoubtedly labour force surveys. However, despite their strength, labour force survey data may contain elements that are not comparable in terms of scope and coverage, mainly due to differences in the inclusion or exclusion of certain geographical areas and the inclusion or exclusion of conscripted military personnel. In addition, there are variations in national definitions of the labour force concept, particularly with regard to the statistical treatment of certain specific groups, such as 'contributing family workers' and 'unemployed persons available for work but not seeking employment'. Non-comparability may also arise from differences in the age limits used to measure the labour force (formerly known as the economically active population). Some countries have adopted non-standard upper age limits for inclusion in the labour force, with a cut-off point at 65 or 70 years, which affects broad comparisons, particularly those at higher age levels. Finally, differences in the dates to which the data refer, as well as the method of calculating the annual average, may contribute to the non-comparability of the resulting statistics. To a large extent, these comparability issues have been addressed in the construction of the ILO's modelled estimates of labour force participation rates included in ILOSTAT. Only data from household labour force surveys and population censuses representative of the entire country (without geographical limitations) were used in the construction of the estimates. In countries with more than one survey source, only one type of source was used. If a labour force survey was available for the country, labour force participation rates derived from this source were chosen in favour of those derived from population censuses. The imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty and should not be used for comparisons or rankings between countries. This series is based on the definitions of the 13th ICLS.

Link sources

Definition

Percentage of the male population aged 15-24 economically active: all people who offer labour on the market for the production of goods and services in a given period.

Sources

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST); b) Istat for Italy

Methodology

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST) - Labour market indicators are estimated using a set of models that establish statistical relationships between the observed labour market indicators and the explanatory variables. To fill in the missing data, linear interpolation is used for the countries for which this procedure is possible; This produces accurate and low-variance estimates, which is not surprising, given that such a indicator is a very persistent variable. In all other cases, a weighted multivariate estimate is made. The countries are divided into nine esteem groups, chosen on the basis of broad economic similarity and geographical proximity. Given the structure of the data and the heterogeneity between the countries covered by the input data, the model was specified using panel data with fixed effects per country. Regressions are weighted by the inverse of the probability of availability of a labour force survey. The explanatory variables used include economic and demographic variables. To produce the estimates for 2020, a cross-validation approach is used to select the model that minimizes the forecast error in that specific year. b) Istat (for Italy) - The data are collected with the Labour Force Survey, a sample survey conducted through interviews with households; The main objective is to estimate the aggregates that make up the labour supply: employed and jobseekers.

Notes

National data on labour force participation rates may not be comparable due to differences in concepts and methodologies. The most important factor affecting the comparability of data is the source of the data itself. Labour force data obtained from population censuses are often based on a limited number of questions about individuals' economic characteristics, with little scope for sampling. The resulting data are therefore generally not consistent with the corresponding labour force survey data and may vary considerably from one country to another, depending on the number and type of questions included in the census. Censuses and surveys of local units can, by their nature, only provide data on the employed population, excluding the unemployed and, in many countries, also excluding workers engaged in small production units or in the informal economy who do not fall within the scope of the survey or census. For international comparisons of labour force data, the most comprehensive source is undoubtedly labour force surveys. However, despite their strength, labour force survey data may contain elements that are not comparable in terms of scope and coverage, mainly due to differences in the inclusion or exclusion of certain geographical areas and the inclusion or exclusion of conscripted military personnel. In addition, there are variations in national definitions of the labour force concept, particularly with regard to the statistical treatment of certain specific groups, such as 'contributing family workers' and 'unemployed persons available for work but not seeking employment'. Non-comparability may also arise from differences in the age limits used to measure the labour force (formerly known as the economically active population). Some countries have adopted non-standard upper age limits for inclusion in the labour force, with a cut-off point at 65 or 70 years, which affects broad comparisons, particularly those at higher age levels. Finally, differences in the dates to which the data refer, as well as the method of calculating the annual average, may contribute to the non-comparability of the resulting statistics. To a large extent, these comparability issues have been addressed in the construction of the ILO's modelled estimates of labour force participation rates included in ILOSTAT. Only data from household labour force surveys and population censuses representative of the entire country (without geographical limitations) were used in the construction of the estimates. In countries with more than one survey source, only one type of source was used. If a labour force survey was available for the country, labour force participation rates derived from this source were chosen in favour of those derived from population censuses. The imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty and should not be used for comparisons or rankings between countries. This series is based on the definitions of the 13th ICLS.

Link sources

Definition

Percentage of the female population aged 15-64 economically active: all people who offer labour on the market for the production of goods and services in a given period.

Sources

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST); b) Istat for Italy

Methodology

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST) - Labour market indicators are estimated using a set of models that establish statistical relationships between the observed labour market indicators and the explanatory variables. To fill in the missing data, linear interpolation is used for the countries for which this procedure is possible; This produces accurate and low-variance estimates, which is not surprising, given that such a indicator is a very persistent variable. In all other cases, a weighted multivariate estimate is made. The countries are divided into nine esteem groups, chosen on the basis of broad economic similarity and geographical proximity. Given the structure of the data and the heterogeneity between the countries covered by the input data, the model was specified using panel data with fixed effects per country. Regressions are weighted by the inverse of the probability of availability of a labour force survey. The explanatory variables used include economic and demographic variables. To produce the estimates for 2020, a cross-validation approach is used to select the model that minimizes the forecast error in that specific year. b) Istat (for Italy) - The data are collected with the Labour Force Survey, a sample survey conducted through interviews with households; The main objective is to estimate the aggregates that make up the labour supply: employed and jobseekers.

Notes

National data on labour force participation rates may not be comparable due to differences in concepts and methodologies. The most important factor affecting the comparability of data is the source of the data itself. Labour force data obtained from population censuses are often based on a limited number of questions about individuals' economic characteristics, with little scope for sampling. The resulting data are therefore generally not consistent with the corresponding labour force survey data and may vary considerably from one country to another, depending on the number and type of questions included in the census. Censuses and surveys of local units can, by their nature, only provide data on the employed population, excluding the unemployed and, in many countries, also excluding workers engaged in small production units or in the informal economy who do not fall within the scope of the survey or census. For international comparisons of labour force data, the most comprehensive source is undoubtedly labour force surveys. However, despite their strength, labour force survey data may contain elements that are not comparable in terms of scope and coverage, mainly due to differences in the inclusion or exclusion of certain geographical areas and the inclusion or exclusion of conscripted military personnel. In addition, there are variations in national definitions of the labour force concept, particularly with regard to the statistical treatment of certain specific groups, such as 'contributing family workers' and 'unemployed persons available for work but not seeking employment'. Non-comparability may also arise from differences in the age limits used to measure the labour force (formerly known as the economically active population). Some countries have adopted non-standard upper age limits for inclusion in the labour force, with a cut-off point at 65 or 70 years, which affects broad comparisons, particularly those of higher age levels. Finally, differences in the dates to which the data refer, as well as the method of calculating the annual average, may contribute to the non-comparability of the resulting statistics. To a large extent, these comparability issues have been addressed in the construction of the ILO's modelled estimates of labour force participation rates included in ILOSTAT. Only data from household labour force surveys and population censuses representative of the entire country (without geographical limitations) were used in the construction of the estimates. In countries with more than one survey source, only one type of source was used. If a labour force survey was available for the country, labour force participation rates derived from this source were chosen in favour of those derived from population censuses. The imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty and should not be used for comparisons or rankings between countries. This series is based on the definitions of the 13th ICLS.

Presence in policy-oriented statistical systems

ENP-South Eurostat Data Browser: Population and Social Conditions Area

Link sources

Definition

Percentage of the male population aged 15-64 economically active: all people who offer labour on the market for the production of goods and services in a given period.

Sources

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST); b) Istat for Italy

Methodology

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST) - Labour market indicators are estimated using a set of models that establish statistical relationships between the observed labour market indicators and the explanatory variables. To fill in the missing data, linear interpolation is used for the countries for which this procedure is possible; This produces accurate and low-variance estimates, which is not surprising, given that such a indicator is a very persistent variable. In all other cases, a weighted multivariate estimate is made. The countries are divided into nine esteem groups, chosen on the basis of broad economic similarity and geographical proximity. Given the structure of the data and the heterogeneity between the countries covered by the input data, the model was specified using panel data with fixed effects per country. Regressions are weighted by the inverse of the probability of availability of a labour force survey. The explanatory variables used include economic and demographic variables. To produce the estimates for 2020, a cross-validation approach is used to select the model that minimizes the forecast error in that specific year. b) Istat (for Italy) - The data are collected with the Labour Force Survey, a sample survey conducted through interviews with households; The main objective is to estimate the aggregates that make up the labour supply: employed and jobseekers.

Notes

National data on labour force participation rates may not be comparable due to differences in concepts and methodologies. The most important factor affecting the comparability of data is the source of the data itself. Labour force data obtained from population censuses are often based on a limited number of questions about individuals' economic characteristics, with little scope for sampling. The resulting data are therefore generally not consistent with the corresponding labour force survey data and may vary considerably from one country to another, depending on the number and type of questions included in the census. Censuses and surveys of local units can, by their nature, only provide data on the employed population, excluding the unemployed and, in many countries, also excluding workers engaged in small production units or in the informal economy who do not fall within the scope of the survey or census. For international comparisons of labour force data, the most comprehensive source is undoubtedly labour force surveys. However, despite their strength, labour force survey data may contain elements that are not comparable in terms of scope and coverage, mainly due to differences in the inclusion or exclusion of certain geographical areas and the inclusion or exclusion of conscripted military personnel. In addition, there are variations in national definitions of the labour force concept, particularly with regard to the statistical treatment of certain specific groups, such as 'contributing family workers' and 'unemployed persons available for work but not seeking employment'. Non-comparability may also arise from differences in the age limits used to measure the labour force (formerly known as the economically active population). Some countries have adopted non-standard upper age limits for inclusion in the labour force, with a cut-off point at 65 or 70 years, which affects broad comparisons, particularly those of higher age levels. Finally, differences in the dates to which the data refer, as well as the method of calculating the annual average, may contribute to the non-comparability of the resulting statistics. To a large extent, these comparability issues have been addressed in the construction of the ILO's modelled estimates of labour force participation rates included in ILOSTAT. Only data from household labour force surveys and population censuses representative of the entire country (without geographical limitations) were used in the construction of the estimates. In countries with more than one survey source, only one type of source was used. If a labour force survey was available for the country, labour force participation rates derived from this source were chosen in favour of those derived from population censuses. The imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty and should not be used for comparisons or rankings between countries. This series is based on the definitions of the 13th ICLS.

Presence in policy-oriented statistical systems

ENP-South Eurostat Data Browser: Population and Social Conditions Area

Link sources

Definition

Women of working age engaged in the agricultural sector in any activity of production of goods or provision of services for consideration or profit, whether they are working in the reference period or not working due to a temporary absence from work or an agreement on working time. The agricultural sector consists of agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing, according to division 1 (ISIC 2) or categories A-B (ISIC 3) or category A (ISIC 4).

Sources

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST); b) Istat for Italy

Methodology

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST) - Labour market indicators are estimated using a set of models that establish statistical relationships between the observed labour market indicators and the explanatory variables. To fill in the missing data, linear interpolation is used for the countries for which this procedure is possible; This produces accurate and low-variance estimates, which is not surprising, given that such a indicator is a very persistent variable. In all other cases, a weighted multivariate estimate is made. The countries are divided into nine esteem groups, chosen on the basis of broad economic similarity and geographical proximity. Given the structure of the data and the heterogeneity between the countries covered by the input data, the model was specified using panel data with fixed effects per country. Regressions are weighted by the inverse of the probability of availability of a labour force survey. The explanatory variables used include economic and demographic variables. To produce the estimates for 2020, a cross-validation approach is used to select the model that minimizes the forecast error in that specific year. b) Istat (for Italy) - The data are collected with the Labour Force Survey, a sample survey conducted through interviews with households; The main objective is to estimate the aggregates that make up the labour supply: employed and jobseekers.

Notes

The data presented by economic activity branch are based on the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC). Its main purpose is to provide a set of activity categories that can be used for the collection and reporting of statistics. The original version of ISIC was adopted in 1948 and has since been revised four times: in 1968 (ISIC Rev.2), in 1990 (ISIC Rev.3) and in 2008 (ISIC Rev.4). An updated version of ISIC Rev. 3 was introduced in 2002 to take account of substantial changes in the economic structure of many countries (ISIC Rev. 3.1). It is important to note that countries may use different versions of ISIC, and that countries move to the adoption of the latest version at different times. A country may continue to use the previous version even after starting a new data series according to the latest version. Although these different classification systems may have an impact on comparability at detailed levels of economic activity, changes from one ISIC to another should not have a significant impact on the information for the three broad sectors presented in ILOSTAT. A number of factors may limit the comparability of employment statistics by economic activity between countries or over time. The comparability of employment statistics between countries is significantly affected by variations in the definitions used for employment data. Differences may arise from age coverage, such as lower and upper age limits for labour force activity. Employment estimates may also vary depending on whether members of the armed forces are included. When the armed forces are included in the measurement of employment, they are usually assigned to the service sector. Therefore, in countries that do not include the armed forces, the service sector tends to be underestimated compared to countries where they are included. Another area of measurement difference concerns the national treatment of particular groups of workers. The international definition of employment includes all persons who worked for at least one hour during the reference period. Workers may be paid or self-employed, even in less obvious forms of work, some of which are discussed in detail in the resolution adopted by the 19th ICLS, such as unpaid family work, apprenticeships or non-market production. Most exceptions to the coverage of all employed persons in a labour force survey have to do with minor national variations from the international recommendation applicable to alternative employment statuses. For example, some countries measure only paid employees, while others measure 'all employed persons', i.e. paid workers and business owners who receive remuneration based on company shares. Other possible variations to the rules for measuring total employment include hour limits (over one hour) imposed on family members who contribute before being included in employment. Comparisons can also be problematic when the frequency of data collection varies. The interval for collecting information can range from one month to 12 months in a year. Since seasonality of various kinds is undoubtedly present in all countries, employment data may vary for this reason alone. In addition, changes in the level of employment may occur during the year, but this may be obscured when fewer observations are available.

Link sources

Definition

Men of working age engaged in the agricultural sector in any activity of production of goods or provision of services for consideration or profit, whether they are working during the reference period or not working because of a temporary absence from work or an agreement on working time. The agricultural sector consists of agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing, according to division 1 (ISIC 2) or categories A-B (ISIC 3) or category A (ISIC 4).

Sources

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST); b) Istat for Italy

Methodology

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST) - Labour market indicators are estimated using a set of models that establish statistical relationships between the observed labour market indicators and the explanatory variables. To fill in the missing data, linear interpolation is used for the countries for which this procedure is possible; This produces accurate and low-variance estimates, which is not surprising, given that such a indicator is a very persistent variable. In all other cases, a weighted multivariate estimate is made. The countries are divided into nine esteem groups, chosen on the basis of broad economic similarity and geographical proximity. Given the structure of the data and the heterogeneity between the countries covered by the input data, the model was specified using panel data with fixed effects per country. Regressions are weighted by the inverse of the probability of availability of a labour force survey. The explanatory variables used include economic and demographic variables. To produce the estimates for 2020, a cross-validation approach is used to select the model that minimizes the forecast error in that specific year. b) Istat (for Italy) - The data are collected with the Labour Force Survey, a sample survey conducted through interviews with households; The main objective is to estimate the aggregates that make up the labour supply: employed and jobseekers.

Notes

The data presented by economic activity branch are based on the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC). Its main purpose is to provide a set of activity categories that can be used for the collection and reporting of statistics. The original version of ISIC was adopted in 1948 and has since been revised four times: in 1968 (ISIC Rev.2), in 1990 (ISIC Rev.3) and in 2008 (ISIC Rev.4). An updated version of ISIC Rev. 3 was introduced in 2002 to take account of substantial changes in the economic structure of many countries (ISIC Rev. 3.1). It is important to note that countries may use different versions of ISIC, and that countries move to the adoption of the latest version at different times. A country may continue to use the previous version even after starting a new data series according to the latest version. Although these different classification systems may have an impact on comparability at detailed levels of economic activity, changes from one ISIC to another should not have a significant impact on the information for the three broad sectors presented in ILOSTAT. A number of factors may limit the comparability of employment statistics by economic activity between countries or over time. The comparability of employment statistics between countries is significantly affected by variations in the definitions used for employment data. Differences may arise from age coverage, such as lower and upper age limits for labour force activity. Employment estimates may also vary depending on whether members of the armed forces are included. When the armed forces are included in the measurement of employment, they are usually assigned to the service sector. Therefore, in countries that do not include the armed forces, the service sector tends to be underestimated compared to countries where they are included. Another area of measurement difference concerns the national treatment of particular groups of workers. The international definition of employment includes all persons who worked for at least one hour during the reference period. Workers may be paid or self-employed, even in less obvious forms of work, some of which are discussed in detail in the resolution adopted by the 19th ICLS, such as unpaid family work, apprenticeships or non-market production. Most exceptions to the coverage of all employed persons in a labour force survey have to do with minor national variations from the international recommendation applicable to alternative employment statuses. For example, some countries measure only paid employees, while others measure 'all employed persons', i.e. paid workers and business owners who receive remuneration based on company shares. Other possible variations to the rules for measuring total employment include hour limits (over one hour) imposed on family members who contribute before being included in employment. Comparisons can also be problematic when the frequency of data collection varies. The interval for collecting information can range from one month to 12 months in a year. Since seasonality of various kinds is undoubtedly present in all countries, employment data may vary for this reason alone. In addition, changes in the level of employment may occur during the year, but this may be obscured when fewer observations are available.

Link sources

Definition

Women of working age engaged in the industrial sector in any activity of production of goods or provision of services for consideration or profit, whether they are working during the reference period or not working because of a temporary absence from work or an agreement on working time. The industrial sector includes mineral extraction, manufacturing, construction and utilities (electricity, gas and water), according to divisions 2-5 (ISIC 2) or categories C-F (ISIC 3) or categories B-F (ISIC 4).

Sources

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST); b) Istat for Italy

Methodology

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST) - Labour market indicators are estimated using a set of models that establish statistical relationships between the observed labour market indicators and the explanatory variables. To fill in the missing data, linear interpolation is used for the countries for which this procedure is possible; This produces accurate and low-variance estimates, which is not surprising, given that such a indicator is a very persistent variable. In all other cases, a weighted multivariate estimate is made. The countries are divided into nine esteem groups, chosen on the basis of broad economic similarity and geographical proximity. Given the structure of the data and the heterogeneity between the countries covered by the input data, the model was specified using panel data with fixed effects per country. Regressions are weighted by the inverse of the probability of availability of a labour force survey. The explanatory variables used include economic and demographic variables. To produce the estimates for 2020, a cross-validation approach is used to select the model that minimizes the forecast error in that specific year. b) Istat (for Italy) - The data are collected with the Labour Force Survey, a sample survey conducted through interviews with households; The main objective is to estimate the aggregates that make up the labour supply: employed and jobseekers.

Notes

The data presented by economic activity branch are based on the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC). Its main purpose is to provide a set of activity categories that can be used for the collection and reporting of statistics. The original version of ISIC was adopted in 1948 and has since been revised four times: in 1968 (ISIC Rev.2), in 1990 (ISIC Rev.3) and in 2008 (ISIC Rev.4). An updated version of ISIC Rev. 3 was introduced in 2002 to take account of substantial changes in the economic structure of many countries (ISIC Rev. 3.1). It is important to note that countries may use different versions of ISIC, and that countries move to the adoption of the latest version at different times. A country may continue to use the previous version even after starting a new data series according to the latest version. Although these different classification systems may have an impact on comparability at detailed levels of economic activity, changes from one ISIC to another should not have a significant impact on the information for the three broad sectors presented in ILOSTAT. A number of factors may limit the comparability of employment statistics by economic activity between countries or over time. The comparability of employment statistics between countries is significantly affected by variations in the definitions used for employment data. Differences may arise from age coverage, such as lower and upper age limits for labour force activity. Employment estimates may also vary depending on whether members of the armed forces are included. When the armed forces are included in the measurement of employment, they are usually assigned to the service sector. Therefore, in countries that do not include the armed forces, the service sector tends to be underestimated compared to countries where they are included. Another area of measurement difference concerns the national treatment of particular groups of workers. The international definition of employment includes all persons who worked for at least one hour during the reference period. Workers may be paid or self-employed, even in less obvious forms of work, some of which are discussed in detail in the resolution adopted by the 19th ICLS, such as unpaid family work, apprenticeships or non-market production. Most exceptions to the coverage of all employed persons in a labour force survey have to do with minor national variations from the international recommendation applicable to alternative employment statuses. For example, some countries measure only paid employees, while others measure 'all employed persons', i.e. paid workers and business owners who receive remuneration based on company shares. Other possible variations to the rules for measuring total employment include hour limits (over one hour) imposed on family members who contribute before being included in employment. Comparisons can also be problematic when the frequency of data collection varies. The interval for collecting information can range from one month to 12 months in a year. Since seasonality of various kinds is undoubtedly present in all countries, employment data may vary for this reason alone. In addition, changes in the level of employment may occur during the year, but this may be obscured when fewer observations are available.

Link sources

Definition

Men of working age engaged in the industrial sector in any activity of production of goods or provision of services for consideration or profit, whether they are working during the reference period or not working because of a temporary absence from work or an agreement on working time. The industrial sector includes mineral extraction, manufacturing, construction and utilities (electricity, gas and water), according to divisions 2-5 (ISIC 2) or categories C-F (ISIC 3) or categories B-F (ISIC 4).

Sources

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST); b) Istat for Italy

Methodology

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST) - Labour market indicators are estimated using a set of models that establish statistical relationships between the observed labour market indicators and the explanatory variables. To fill in the missing data, linear interpolation is used for the countries for which this procedure is possible; This produces accurate and low-variance estimates, which is not surprising, given that such a indicator is a very persistent variable. In all other cases, a weighted multivariate estimate is made. The countries are divided into nine esteem groups, chosen on the basis of broad economic similarity and geographical proximity. Given the structure of the data and the heterogeneity between the countries covered by the input data, the model was specified using panel data with fixed effects per country. Regressions are weighted by the inverse of the probability of availability of a labour force survey. The explanatory variables used include economic and demographic variables. To produce the estimates for 2020, a cross-validation approach is used to select the model that minimizes the forecast error in that specific year. b) Istat (for Italy) - The data are collected with the Labour Force Survey, a sample survey conducted through interviews with households; The main objective is to estimate the aggregates that make up the labour supply: employed and jobseekers.

Notes

The data presented by economic activity branch are based on the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC). Its main purpose is to provide a set of activity categories that can be used for the collection and reporting of statistics. The original version of ISIC was adopted in 1948 and has since been revised four times: in 1968 (ISIC Rev.2), in 1990 (ISIC Rev.3) and in 2008 (ISIC Rev.4). An updated version of ISIC Rev. 3 was introduced in 2002 to take account of substantial changes in the economic structure of many countries (ISIC Rev. 3.1). It is important to note that countries may use different versions of ISIC, and that countries move to the adoption of the latest version at different times. A country may continue to use the previous version even after starting a new data series according to the latest version. Although these different classification systems may have an impact on comparability at detailed levels of economic activity, changes from one ISIC to another should not have a significant impact on the information for the three broad sectors presented in ILOSTAT. A number of factors may limit the comparability of employment statistics by economic activity between countries or over time. The comparability of employment statistics between countries is significantly affected by variations in the definitions used for employment data. Differences may arise from age coverage, such as lower and upper age limits for labour force activity. Employment estimates may also vary depending on whether members of the armed forces are included. When the armed forces are included in the measurement of employment, they are usually assigned to the service sector. Therefore, in countries that do not include the armed forces, the service sector tends to be underestimated compared to countries where they are included. Another area of measurement difference concerns the national treatment of particular groups of workers. The international definition of employment includes all persons who worked for at least one hour during the reference period. Workers may be paid or self-employed, even in less obvious forms of work, some of which are discussed in detail in the resolution adopted by the 19th ICLS, such as unpaid family work, apprenticeships or non-market production. Most exceptions to the coverage of all employed persons in a labour force survey have to do with minor national variations from the international recommendation applicable to alternative employment statuses. For example, some countries measure only paid employees, while others measure 'all employed persons', i.e. paid workers and business owners who receive remuneration based on company shares. Other possible variations to the rules for measuring total employment include hour limits (over one hour) imposed on family members who contribute before being included in employment. Comparisons can also be problematic when the frequency of data collection varies. The interval for collecting information can range from one month to 12 months in a year. Since seasonality of various kinds is undoubtedly present in all countries, employment data may vary for this reason alone. In addition, changes in the level of employment may occur during the year, but this may be obscured when fewer observations are available.

Link sources

Definition

Women of working age engaged in the Services sector in any activity of producing goods or providing services for remuneration or profit, whether they were at work during the reference period, or not at work due to a temporary absence from a workplace or an agreement on working time. The services sector includes wholesale and retail trade, restaurants and hotels, transport, warehousing and communications, financing, insurance, real estate and business services, as well as social and personal services, according to divisions 6-9 (ISIC 2) or categories G-Q (ISIC 3) or categories G-U (ISIC 4).

Sources

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST); b) Istat for Italy

Methodology

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST) - Labour market indicators are estimated using a set of models that establish statistical relationships between the observed labour market indicators and the explanatory variables. To fill in the missing data, linear interpolation is used for the countries for which this procedure is possible; This produces accurate and low-variance estimates, which is not surprising, given that such a indicator is a very persistent variable. In all other cases, a weighted multivariate estimate is made. The countries are divided into nine esteem groups, chosen on the basis of broad economic similarity and geographical proximity. Given the structure of the data and the heterogeneity between the countries covered by the input data, the model was specified using panel data with fixed effects per country. Regressions are weighted by the inverse of the probability of availability of a labour force survey. The explanatory variables used include economic and demographic variables. To produce the estimates for 2020, a cross-validation approach is used to select the model that minimizes the forecast error in that specific year. b) Istat (for Italy) - The data are collected with the Labour Force Survey, a sample survey conducted through interviews with households; The main objective is to estimate the aggregates that make up the labour supply: employed and jobseekers.

Notes

The data presented by economic activity branch are based on the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC). Its main purpose is to provide a set of activity categories that can be used for the collection and reporting of statistics. The original version of ISIC was adopted in 1948 and has since been revised four times: in 1968 (ISIC Rev.2), in 1990 (ISIC Rev.3) and in 2008 (ISIC Rev.4). An updated version of ISIC Rev. 3 was introduced in 2002 to take account of substantial changes in the economic structure of many countries (ISIC Rev. 3.1). It is important to note that countries may use different versions of ISIC, and that countries move to the adoption of the latest version at different times. A country may continue to use the previous version even after starting a new data series according to the latest version. Although these different classification systems may have an impact on comparability at detailed levels of economic activity, changes from one ISIC to another should not have a significant impact on the information for the three broad sectors presented in ILOSTAT. A number of factors may limit the comparability of employment statistics by economic activity between countries or over time. The comparability of employment statistics between countries is significantly affected by variations in the definitions used for employment data. Differences may arise from age coverage, such as lower and upper age limits for labour force activity. Employment estimates may also vary depending on whether members of the armed forces are included. When the armed forces are included in the measurement of employment, they are usually assigned to the service sector. Therefore, in countries that do not include the armed forces, the service sector tends to be underestimated compared to countries where they are included. Another area of measurement difference concerns the national treatment of particular groups of workers. The international definition of employment includes all persons who worked for at least one hour during the reference period. Workers may be paid or self-employed, even in less obvious forms of work, some of which are discussed in detail in the resolution adopted by the 19th ICLS, such as unpaid family work, apprenticeships or non-market production. Most exceptions to the coverage of all employed persons in a labour force survey have to do with minor national variations from the international recommendation applicable to alternative employment statuses. For example, some countries measure only paid employees, while others measure 'all employed persons', i.e. paid workers and business owners who receive remuneration based on company shares. Other possible variations to the rules for measuring total employment include hour limits (over one hour) imposed on family members who contribute before being included in employment. Comparisons can also be problematic when the frequency of data collection varies. The interval for collecting information can range from one month to 12 months in a year. Since seasonality of various kinds is undoubtedly present in all countries, employment data may vary for this reason alone. In addition, changes in the level of employment may occur during the year, but this may be obscured when fewer observations are available.

Link sources

Definition

Men of working age engaged in the Services sector in any activity of producing goods or providing services for remuneration or profit, whether they were at work during the reference period, or not at work due to a temporary absence from a workplace or an agreement on working time. The services sector includes wholesale and retail trade, restaurants and hotels, transport, warehousing and communications, financing, insurance, real estate and business services, as well as social and personal services, according to divisions 6-9 (ISIC 2) or categories G-Q (ISIC 3) or categories G-U (ISIC 4).

Sources

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST); b) Istat for Italy

Methodology

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST) - Labour market indicators are estimated using a set of models that establish statistical relationships between the observed labour market indicators and the explanatory variables. To fill in the missing data, linear interpolation is used for the countries for which this procedure is possible; This produces accurate and low-variance estimates, which is not surprising, given that such a indicator is a very persistent variable. In all other cases, a weighted multivariate estimate is made. The countries are divided into nine esteem groups, chosen on the basis of broad economic similarity and geographical proximity. Given the structure of the data and the heterogeneity between the countries covered by the input data, the model was specified using panel data with fixed effects per country. Regressions are weighted by the inverse of the probability of availability of a labour force survey. The explanatory variables used include economic and demographic variables. To produce the estimates for 2020, a cross-validation approach is used to select the model that minimizes the forecast error in that specific year. b) Istat (for Italy) - The data are collected with the Labour Force Survey, a sample survey conducted through interviews with households; The main objective is to estimate the aggregates that make up the labour supply: employed and jobseekers.

Notes

The data presented by economic activity branch are based on the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC). Its main purpose is to provide a set of activity categories that can be used for the collection and reporting of statistics. The original version of ISIC was adopted in 1948 and has since been revised four times: in 1968 (ISIC Rev.2), in 1990 (ISIC Rev.3) and in 2008 (ISIC Rev.4). An updated version of ISIC Rev. 3 was introduced in 2002 to take account of substantial changes in the economic structure of many countries (ISIC Rev. 3.1). It is important to note that countries may use different versions of ISIC, and that countries move to the adoption of the latest version at different times. A country may continue to use the previous version even after starting a new data series according to the latest version. Although these different classification systems may have an impact on comparability at detailed levels of economic activity, changes from one ISIC to another should not have a significant impact on the information for the three broad sectors presented in ILOSTAT. A number of factors may limit the comparability of employment statistics by economic activity between countries or over time. The comparability of employment statistics between countries is significantly affected by variations in the definitions used for employment data. Differences may arise from age coverage, such as lower and upper age limits for labour force activity. Employment estimates may also vary depending on whether members of the armed forces are included. When the armed forces are included in the measurement of employment, they are usually assigned to the service sector. Therefore, in countries that do not include the armed forces, the service sector tends to be underestimated compared to countries where they are included. Another area of measurement difference concerns the national treatment of particular groups of workers. The international definition of employment includes all persons who worked for at least one hour during the reference period. Workers may be paid or self-employed, even in less obvious forms of work, some of which are discussed in detail in the resolution adopted by the 19th ICLS, such as unpaid family work, apprenticeships or non-market production. Most exceptions to the coverage of all employed persons in a labour force survey have to do with minor national variations from the international recommendation applicable to alternative employment statuses. For example, some countries measure only paid employees, while others measure 'all employed persons', i.e. paid workers and business owners who receive remuneration based on company shares. Other possible variations to the rules for measuring total employment include hour limits (over one hour) imposed on family members who contribute before being included in employment. Comparisons can also be problematic when the frequency of data collection varies. The interval for collecting information can range from one month to 12 months in a year. Since seasonality of various kinds is undoubtedly present in all countries, employment data may vary for this reason alone. In addition, changes in the level of employment may occur during the year, but this may be obscured when fewer observations are available.

Link sources

Definition

Percentage of employed female population of a country in the age group 15-24 years. Employment is defined as persons of working age who, during a short reporting period, have been engaged in any activity of producing goods or providing services for remuneration or profit, whether they were at work during the reporting period (i.e. worked at a workplace for at least one hour) or were not at work due to temporary absence from a post or agreements on working time. The age between 15 and 24 is generally considered the reference for the young population.

Sources

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST); b) Istat for Italy

Methodology

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST) - Labour market indicators are estimated using a set of models that establish statistical relationships between the observed labour market indicators and the explanatory variables. To fill in the missing data, linear interpolation is used for countries for which this procedure is possible. This procedure produces accurate, low-variance estimates, which is not surprising, given that LFPR is a very persistent variable. In all other cases, a weighted multivariate estimate is made. The countries are divided into nine esteem groups, chosen on the basis of broad economic similarity and geographical proximity. Given the structure of the data and the heterogeneity between the countries covered by the input data, the model was specified using panel data with fixed effects per country. Regressions are weighted by the inverse of the probability of availability of a labour force survey. The explanatory variables used include economic and demographic variables. To produce the estimates for 2020, a cross-validation approach is used to select the model that minimizes the forecast error in that specific year. b) Istat (for Italy) - The data are collected with the Labour Force Survey, a sample survey conducted through interviews with households; The main objective is to estimate the aggregates that make up the labour supply: employed and jobseekers.

Link sources

Definition

Percentage of employed male population of a country in the age group 15-24 years. Employment is defined as persons of working age who, during a short reporting period, have been engaged in any activity of producing goods or providing services for remuneration or profit, whether they were at work during the reporting period (i.e. worked at a workplace for at least one hour) or were not at work due to temporary absence from a post or agreements on working time. The age between 15 and 24 is generally considered the reference for the young population.

Sources

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST); b) Istat for Italy

Methodology

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST) - Labour market indicators are estimated using a set of models that establish statistical relationships between the observed labour market indicators and the explanatory variables. To fill in the missing data, linear interpolation is used for countries for which this procedure is possible. This procedure produces accurate, low-variance estimates, which is not surprising, given that LFPR is a very persistent variable. In all other cases, a weighted multivariate estimate is made. The countries are divided into nine esteem groups, chosen on the basis of broad economic similarity and geographical proximity. Given the structure of the data and the heterogeneity between the countries covered by the input data, the model was specified using panel data with fixed effects per country. Regressions are weighted by the inverse of the probability of availability of a labour force survey. The explanatory variables used include economic and demographic variables. To produce the estimates for 2020, a cross-validation approach is used to select the model that minimizes the forecast error in that specific year. b) Istat (for Italy) - The data are collected with the Labour Force Survey, a sample survey conducted through interviews with households; The main objective is to estimate the aggregates that make up the labour supply: employed and jobseekers.

Link sources

Definition

Women who, working on their own account or with one or more partners, carry out jobs in which the salary depends directly on the profits deriving from the goods and services produced, and who, in this capacity, have hired, on a continuous basis, one or more people who work for them as employees.

Sources

ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST)

Methodology

Labour market indicators are estimated using a set of models that establish statistical relationships between the observed labour market indicators and the explanatory variables. Linear interpolation is used to fill in missing data for countries for which this procedure is possible. The countries are divided into nine esteem groups, chosen on the basis of broad economic similarity and geographical proximity. Based on the data structure and the heterogeneity between the countries covered by the input data, the model was specified using panel data with fixed effects per country. Regressions are weighted by the inverse of the probability of availability of a labour force survey. The explanatory variables used include economic and demographic variables. To produce the estimates for 2020, a cross-validation approach is used to select the model that minimizes the forecast error in that specific year.

Notes

For international comparisons of labour force data, the most comprehensive source is undoubtedly the LFS. However, despite their strength, LFS data may contain elements that are not comparable in terms of scope and coverage, mainly due to differences in the inclusion or exclusion of certain geographical areas and whether or not conscripts are included. In addition, there are variations in national definitions of the concept of labour force, in particular with regard to the statistical treatment of certain specific groups, such as 'family contributors' and 'persons not in employment, available for work but not seeking employment'. Non-comparability may also result from differences in the age limits used to measure the labour force (formerly known as the economically active population). Some countries have adopted non-standard upper age limits for inclusion in the workforce, with a cut-off point at 65 or 70, which affects broad comparisons, and in particular those of higher age levels. Finally, differences in the dates to which the data refer, as well as the method of calculating the annual average, may contribute to the non-comparability of the resulting statistics. To a large extent, these comparability issues have been addressed in the construction of ILO-modeled estimates of labour force participation rates included in ILOSTAT. Only data from household labour force surveys and population censuses representative of the whole country (without geographical limitations) were used to construct the estimates. In countries with more than one survey source, only one type of source was used. If a labour force survey was available for the country, labour force participation rates from this source were chosen in favour of those from population censuses. The imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty and should not be used for comparisons or rankings between countries. This series is based on the definitions of the thirteenth ICLS.

Link sources

Definition

Men who, working on their own account or with one or more partners, carry out jobs in which the salary depends directly on the profits deriving from the goods and services produced, and who, in this capacity, have hired, on a continuous basis, one or more people who work for them as employees.

Sources

ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST)

Methodology

Labour market indicators are estimated using a set of models that establish statistical relationships between the observed labour market indicators and the explanatory variables. Linear interpolation is used to fill in missing data for countries for which this procedure is possible. The countries are divided into nine esteem groups, chosen on the basis of broad economic similarity and geographical proximity. Based on the data structure and the heterogeneity between the countries covered by the input data, the model was specified using panel data with fixed effects per country. Regressions are weighted by the inverse of the probability of availability of a labour force survey. The explanatory variables used include economic and demographic variables. To produce the estimates for 2020, a cross-validation approach is used to select the model that minimizes the forecast error in that specific year.

Notes

For international comparisons of labour force data, the most comprehensive source is undoubtedly the LFS. However, despite their strength, LFS data may contain elements that are not comparable in terms of scope and coverage, mainly due to differences in the inclusion or exclusion of certain geographical areas and whether or not conscripts are included. In addition, there are variations in national definitions of the concept of labour force, in particular with regard to the statistical treatment of certain specific groups, such as 'family contributors' and 'persons not in employment, available for work but not seeking employment'. Non-comparability may also result from differences in the age limits used to measure the labour force (formerly known as the economically active population). Some countries have adopted non-standard upper age limits for inclusion in the workforce, with a cut-off point at 65 or 70, which affects broad comparisons, and in particular those of higher age levels. Finally, differences in the dates to which the data refer, as well as the method of calculating the annual average, may contribute to the non-comparability of the resulting statistics. To a large extent, these comparability issues have been addressed in the construction of ILO-modeled estimates of labour force participation rates included in ILOSTAT. Only data from household labour force surveys and population censuses representative of the whole country (without geographical limitations) were used to construct the estimates. In countries with more than one survey source, only one type of source was used. If a labour force survey was available for the country, labour force participation rates from this source were chosen in favour of those from population censuses. The imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty and should not be used for comparisons or rankings between countries. This series is based on the definitions of the thirteenth ICLS.

Link sources

Definition

Women who, working on their own account or with one or more members or in cooperatives, carry out jobs in which the salary depends directly on the profits deriving from the goods and services produced. The self-employed comprise four subcategories: employers, self-employed workers, members of producer cooperatives and family workers.

Sources

ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST)

Methodology

Labour market indicators are estimated using a set of models that establish statistical relationships between the observed labour market indicators and the explanatory variables. Linear interpolation is used to fill in missing data for countries for which this procedure is possible. The countries are divided into nine esteem groups, chosen on the basis of broad economic similarity and geographical proximity. Based on the data structure and the heterogeneity between the countries covered by the input data, the model was specified using panel data with fixed effects per country. Regressions are weighted by the inverse of the probability of availability of a labour force survey. The explanatory variables used include economic and demographic variables. To produce the estimates for 2020, a cross-validation approach is used to select the model that minimizes the forecast error in that specific year.

Notes

For international comparisons of labour force data, the most comprehensive source is undoubtedly the LFS. However, despite their strength, LFS data may contain elements that are not comparable in terms of scope and coverage, mainly due to differences in the inclusion or exclusion of certain geographical areas and whether or not conscripts are included. In addition, there are variations in national definitions of the concept of labour force, in particular with regard to the statistical treatment of certain specific groups, such as 'family contributors' and 'persons not in employment, available for work but not seeking employment'. Non-comparability may also result from differences in the age limits used to measure the labour force (formerly known as the economically active population). Some countries have adopted non-standard upper age limits for inclusion in the workforce, with a cut-off point at 65 or 70, which affects broad comparisons, and in particular those of higher age levels. Finally, differences in the dates to which the data refer, as well as the method of calculating the annual average, may contribute to the non-comparability of the resulting statistics. To a large extent, these comparability issues have been addressed in the construction of ILO-modeled estimates of labour force participation rates included in ILOSTAT. Only data from household labour force surveys and population censuses representative of the whole country (without geographical limitations) were used to construct the estimates. In countries with more than one survey source, only one type of source was used. If a labour force survey was available for the country, labour force participation rates from this source were chosen in favour of those from population censuses. The imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty and should not be used for comparisons or rankings between countries. This series is based on the definitions of the thirteenth ICLS.

Link sources

Definition

Men who, working on their own account or with one or more members or in cooperatives, carry out jobs in which the salary depends directly on the profits deriving from the goods and services produced. The self-employed comprise four subcategories: employers, self-employed workers, members of producer cooperatives and family workers.

Sources

ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST)

Methodology

Labour market indicators are estimated using a set of models that establish statistical relationships between the observed labour market indicators and the explanatory variables. Linear interpolation is used to fill in missing data for countries for which this procedure is possible. The countries are divided into nine esteem groups, chosen on the basis of broad economic similarity and geographical proximity. Based on the data structure and the heterogeneity between the countries covered by the input data, the model was specified using panel data with fixed effects per country. Regressions are weighted by the inverse of the probability of availability of a labour force survey. The explanatory variables used include economic and demographic variables. To produce the estimates for 2020, a cross-validation approach is used to select the model that minimizes the forecast error in that specific year.

Notes

For international comparisons of labour force data, the most comprehensive source is undoubtedly the LFS. However, despite their strength, LFS data may contain elements that are not comparable in terms of scope and coverage, mainly due to differences in the inclusion or exclusion of certain geographical areas and whether or not conscripts are included. In addition, there are variations in national definitions of the concept of labour force, in particular with regard to the statistical treatment of certain specific groups, such as 'family contributors' and 'persons not in employment, available for work but not seeking employment'. Non-comparability may also result from differences in the age limits used to measure the labour force (formerly known as the economically active population). Some countries have adopted non-standard upper age limits for inclusion in the workforce, with a cut-off point at 65 or 70, which affects broad comparisons, and in particular those of higher age levels. Finally, differences in the dates to which the data refer, as well as the method of calculating the annual average, may contribute to the non-comparability of the resulting statistics. To a large extent, these comparability issues have been addressed in the construction of ILO-modeled estimates of labour force participation rates included in ILOSTAT. Only data from household labour force surveys and population censuses representative of the whole country (without geographical limitations) were used to construct the estimates. In countries with more than one survey source, only one type of source was used. If a labour force survey was available for the country, labour force participation rates from this source were chosen in favour of those from population censuses. The imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty and should not be used for comparisons or rankings between countries. This series is based on the definitions of the thirteenth ICLS.

Link sources

Definition

Women who perform the type of work defined as "subordinate work", in which the employed have explicit (written or oral) or implicit employment contracts that give them a basic wage that does not depend directly on the income of the unit for which they work.

Sources

ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST)

Methodology

Labour market indicators are estimated using a set of models that establish statistical relationships between the observed labour market indicators and the explanatory variables. Linear interpolation is used to fill in missing data for countries for which this procedure is possible. The countries are divided into nine esteem groups, chosen on the basis of broad economic similarity and geographical proximity. Based on the data structure and the heterogeneity between the countries covered by the input data, the model was specified using panel data with fixed effects per country. Regressions are weighted by the inverse of the probability of availability of a labour force survey. The explanatory variables used include economic and demographic variables. To produce the estimates for 2020, a cross-validation approach is used to select the model that minimizes the forecast error in that specific year.

Notes

For international comparisons of labour force data, the most comprehensive source is undoubtedly the LFS. However, despite their strength, LFS data may contain elements that are not comparable in terms of scope and coverage, mainly due to differences in the inclusion or exclusion of certain geographical areas and whether or not conscripts are included. In addition, there are variations in national definitions of the concept of labour force, in particular with regard to the statistical treatment of certain specific groups, such as 'family contributors' and 'persons not in employment, available for work but not seeking employment'. Non-comparability may also result from differences in the age limits used to measure the labour force (formerly known as the economically active population). Some countries have adopted non-standard upper age limits for inclusion in the workforce, with a cut-off point at 65 or 70, which affects broad comparisons, and in particular those of higher age levels. Finally, differences in the dates to which the data refer, as well as the method of calculating the annual average, may contribute to the non-comparability of the resulting statistics. To a large extent, these comparability issues have been addressed in the construction of ILO-modeled estimates of labour force participation rates included in ILOSTAT. Only data from household labour force surveys and population censuses representative of the whole country (without geographical limitations) were used to construct the estimates. In countries with more than one survey source, only one type of source was used. If a labour force survey was available for the country, labour force participation rates from this source were chosen in favour of those from population censuses. The imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty and should not be used for comparisons or rankings between countries. This series is based on the definitions of the thirteenth ICLS.

Link sources

Definition

Men who perform the type of work defined as "subordinate work", in which the employed have explicit (written or oral) or implicit employment contracts that give them a basic wage that does not depend directly on the income of the unit for which they work.

Sources

ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST)

Methodology

Labour market indicators are estimated using a set of models that establish statistical relationships between the observed labour market indicators and the explanatory variables. Linear interpolation is used to fill in missing data for countries for which this procedure is possible. The countries are divided into nine esteem groups, chosen on the basis of broad economic similarity and geographical proximity. Based on the data structure and the heterogeneity between the countries covered by the input data, the model was specified using panel data with fixed effects per country. Regressions are weighted by the inverse of the probability of availability of a labour force survey. The explanatory variables used include economic and demographic variables. To produce the estimates for 2020, a cross-validation approach is used to select the model that minimizes the forecast error in that specific year.

Notes

For international comparisons of labour force data, the most comprehensive source is undoubtedly the LFS. However, despite their strength, LFS data may contain elements that are not comparable in terms of scope and coverage, mainly due to differences in the inclusion or exclusion of certain geographical areas and whether or not conscripts are included. In addition, there are variations in national definitions of the concept of labour force, in particular with regard to the statistical treatment of certain specific groups, such as 'family contributors' and 'persons not in employment, available for work but not seeking employment'. Non-comparability may also result from differences in the age limits used to measure the labour force (formerly known as the economically active population). Some countries have adopted non-standard upper age limits for inclusion in the workforce, with a cut-off point at 65 or 70, which affects broad comparisons, and in particular those of higher age levels. Finally, differences in the dates to which the data refer, as well as the method of calculating the annual average, may contribute to the non-comparability of the resulting statistics. To a large extent, these comparability issues have been addressed in the construction of ILO-modeled estimates of labour force participation rates included in ILOSTAT. Only data from household labour force surveys and population censuses representative of the whole country (without geographical limitations) were used to construct the estimates. In countries with more than one survey source, only one type of source was used. If a labour force survey was available for the country, labour force participation rates from this source were chosen in favour of those from population censuses. The imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty and should not be used for comparisons or rankings between countries. This series is based on the definitions of the thirteenth ICLS.

Link sources

Definition

Share of the female workforce that does not have a job but is available and looking for a job.

Sources

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST); b) Istat for Italy

Methodology

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST) - Labour market indicators are estimated using a set of models that establish statistical relationships between the observed labour market indicators and the explanatory variables. To fill in the missing data, linear interpolation is used for countries for which this procedure is possible. In all other cases, a weighted multivariate estimate is made. The countries are divided into nine esteem groups, chosen on the basis of broad economic similarity and geographical proximity. Given the structure of the data and the heterogeneity between the countries covered by the input data, the model was specified using panel data with fixed effects per country. Regressions are weighted by the inverse of the probability of availability of a labour force survey. The explanatory variables used include economic and demographic variables. To produce the estimates for 2020, a cross-validation approach is used to select the model that minimizes the forecast error in that specific year. b) Istat (for Italy) - The data are collected with the Labour Force Survey, a sample survey conducted through interviews with households; The main objective is to estimate the aggregates that make up the labour supply: employed and jobseekers.

Notes

The unemployed include all persons of working age who: (a) were not in employment during the reference period, i.e. were not in paid employment or self-employment; (b) were currently available for employment, i.e. were available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period; (c) were looking for a job, i.e. had taken specific actions in a certain recent period to seek paid employment or self-employment. Future start-ups, i.e. people who have not looked for work but have a future interest in the labour market (have made arrangements for a future start of work), as well as participants in vocational training or retraining programmes as part of employment promotion programmes, who were not "employed" on this basis, are also counted as unemployed. they were not "currently available" and did not "look for work" because they had a job offer to start within a short subsequent period, generally no longer than three months. The unemployed also include "unemployed" people who have migrated abroad to work for pay or profit, but who were still waiting for the opportunity to leave. A country's overall unemployment rate is a widely used measure of unused labor supply. Unemployment rates for specific groups, defined by age, gender, occupation or industry, are also useful for identifying the groups of workers and sectors most vulnerable to unemployment.

Presence in policy-oriented statistical systems

SDG Goal 8, indicator 8.5.2; ENP-South Eurostat Data Browser: Population and Social Conditions Area

Link sources

Definition

Share of the male workforce that does not have a job but is available and looking for a job.

Sources

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST); b) Istat for Italy

Methodology

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST) - Labour market indicators are estimated using a set of models that establish statistical relationships between the observed labour market indicators and the explanatory variables. To fill in the missing data, linear interpolation is used for countries for which this procedure is possible. In all other cases, a weighted multivariate estimate is made. The countries are divided into nine esteem groups, chosen on the basis of broad economic similarity and geographical proximity. Given the structure of the data and the heterogeneity between the countries covered by the input data, the model was specified using panel data with fixed effects per country. Regressions are weighted by the inverse of the probability of availability of a labour force survey. The explanatory variables used include economic and demographic variables. To produce the estimates for 2020, a cross-validation approach is used to select the model that minimizes the forecast error in that specific year. b) Istat (for Italy) - The data are collected with the Labour Force Survey, a sample survey conducted through interviews with households; The main objective is to estimate the aggregates that make up the labour supply: employed and jobseekers.

Notes

The unemployed include all persons of working age who: (a) were not in employment during the reference period, i.e. were not in paid employment or self-employment; (b) were currently available for employment, i.e. were available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period; (c) were looking for a job, i.e. had taken specific actions in a certain recent period to seek paid employment or self-employment. Future start-ups, i.e. people who have not looked for work but have a future interest in the labour market (have made arrangements for a future start of work), as well as participants in vocational training or retraining programmes as part of employment promotion programmes, who were not "employed" on this basis, are also counted as unemployed. they were not "currently available" and did not "look for work" because they had a job offer to start within a short subsequent period, generally no longer than three months. The unemployed also include "unemployed" people who have migrated abroad to work for pay or profit, but who were still waiting for the opportunity to leave. A country's overall unemployment rate is a widely used measure of unused labor supply. Unemployment rates for specific groups, defined by age, gender, occupation or industry, are also useful for identifying the groups of workers and sectors most vulnerable to unemployment.

Presence in policy-oriented statistical systems

SDG Goal 8, indicator 8.5.2; ENP-South Eurostat Data Browser: Population and Social Conditions Area

Link sources

Definition

Percentage of a country's female population in the age group 15 years and over. Employment is defined as persons of working age who, during a short reporting period, have been engaged in any activity of producing goods or providing services for remuneration or profit, whether they were at work during the reporting period (i.e. worked at a workplace for at least one hour) or were not at work due to temporary absence from a post or agreements on working time. The age of 15 and over is generally considered the reference for the working-age population.

Sources

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST); b) Istat for Italy

Methodology

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST) - Labour market indicators are estimated using a set of models that establish statistical relationships between the observed labour market indicators and the explanatory variables. To fill in the missing data, linear interpolation is used for countries for which this procedure is possible. In all other cases, a weighted multivariate estimate is made. The countries are divided into nine esteem groups, chosen on the basis of broad economic similarity and geographical proximity. Given the structure of the data and the heterogeneity between the countries covered by the input data, the model was specified using panel data with fixed effects per country. Regressions are weighted by the inverse of the probability of availability of a labour force survey. The explanatory variables used include economic and demographic variables. To produce the estimates for 2020, a cross-validation approach is used to select the model that minimizes the forecast error in that specific year. b) Istat (for Italy) - The data are collected with the Labour Force Survey, a sample survey conducted through interviews with households; The main objective is to estimate the aggregates that make up the labour supply: employed and jobseekers. b) Istat (for Italy) - The data are collected with the Labour Force Survey, a sample survey conducted through interviews with households; The main objective is to estimate the aggregates that make up the labour supply: employed and jobseekers.

Notes

For international comparisons of labour force data, the most comprehensive source is undoubtedly the LFS. However, despite their strength, LFS data may contain elements that are not comparable in terms of scope and coverage, mainly due to differences in the inclusion or exclusion of certain geographical areas and whether or not conscripts are included. In addition, there are variations in national definitions of the concept of labour force, in particular with regard to the statistical treatment of certain specific groups, such as 'family contributors' and 'persons not in employment, available for work but not seeking employment'. Non-comparability may also result from differences in the age limits used to measure the labour force (formerly known as the economically active population). Some countries have adopted non-standard upper age limits for inclusion in the workforce, with a cut-off point at 65 or 70, which affects broad comparisons, and in particular those of higher age levels. Finally, differences in the dates to which the data refer, as well as the method of calculating the annual average, may contribute to the non-comparability of the resulting statistics. To a large extent, these comparability issues have been addressed in the construction of ILO-modeled estimates of labour force participation rates included in ILOSTAT. Only data from household labour force surveys and population censuses representative of the whole country (without geographical limitations) were used to construct the estimates. In countries with more than one survey source, only one type of source was used. If a labour force survey was available for the country, labour force participation rates from this source were chosen in favour of those from population censuses. The imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty and should not be used for comparisons or rankings between countries. This series is based on the definitions of the thirteenth ICLS.

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Definition

Percentage of the employed male population of a country in the age group 15 years and over. Employment is defined as persons of working age who, during a short reporting period, have been engaged in any activity of producing goods or providing services for remuneration or profit, whether they were at work during the reporting period (i.e. worked at a workplace for at least one hour) or were not at work due to temporary absence from a post or agreements on working time. The age of 15 and over is generally considered the reference for the working-age population.

Sources

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST); b) Istat for Italy

Methodology

a) ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOEST) - Labour market indicators are estimated using a set of models that establish statistical relationships between the observed labour market indicators and the explanatory variables. To fill in the missing data, linear interpolation is used for countries for which this procedure is possible. In all other cases, a weighted multivariate estimate is made. The countries are divided into nine esteem groups, chosen on the basis of broad economic similarity and geographical proximity. Given the structure of the data and the heterogeneity between the countries covered by the input data, the model was specified using panel data with fixed effects per country. Regressions are weighted by the inverse of the probability of availability of a labour force survey. The explanatory variables used include economic and demographic variables. To produce the estimates for 2020, a cross-validation approach is used to select the model that minimizes the forecast error in that specific year. b) Istat (for Italy) - The data are collected with the Labour Force Survey, a sample survey conducted through interviews with households; The main objective is to estimate the aggregates that make up the labour supply: employed and jobseekers. b) Istat (for Italy) - The data are collected with the Labour Force Survey, a sample survey conducted through interviews with households; The main objective is to estimate the aggregates that make up the labour supply: employed and jobseekers.

Notes

For international comparisons of labour force data, the most comprehensive source is undoubtedly the LFS. However, despite their strength, LFS data may contain elements that are not comparable in terms of scope and coverage, mainly due to differences in the inclusion or exclusion of certain geographical areas and whether or not conscripts are included. In addition, there are variations in national definitions of the concept of labour force, in particular with regard to the statistical treatment of certain specific groups, such as 'family contributors' and 'persons not in employment, available for work but not seeking employment'. Non-comparability may also result from differences in the age limits used to measure the labour force (formerly known as the economically active population). Some countries have adopted non-standard upper age limits for inclusion in the workforce, with a cut-off point at 65 or 70, which affects broad comparisons, and in particular those of higher age levels. Finally, differences in the dates to which the data refer, as well as the method of calculating the annual average, may contribute to the non-comparability of the resulting statistics. To a large extent, these comparability issues have been addressed in the construction of ILO-modeled estimates of labour force participation rates included in ILOSTAT. Only data from household labour force surveys and population censuses representative of the whole country (without geographical limitations) were used to construct the estimates. In countries with more than one survey source, only one type of source was used. If a labour force survey was available for the country, labour force participation rates from this source were chosen in favour of those from population censuses. The imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty and should not be used for comparisons or rankings between countries. This series is based on the definitions of the thirteenth ICLS.

Link sources